{"id":5339,"date":"2022-09-20T08:39:29","date_gmt":"2022-09-20T06:39:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/actistress.com\/?p=5339"},"modified":"2022-09-20T08:42:08","modified_gmt":"2022-09-20T06:42:08","slug":"effet-hawthorne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/actistress.com\/fr\/magazine\/conseils-pratiques\/effet-hawthorne\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019effet Hawthorne: Optimisez vos pratiques manag\u00e9riales"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

L’effet Hawthorne est un terme faisant r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 la tendance de certaines personnes \u00e0 travailler plus dur et \u00e0 obtenir de meilleurs r\u00e9sultats lorsqu’elles participent \u00e0 une exp\u00e9rience. Le terme est souvent utilis\u00e9 pour sugg\u00e9rer que les individus peuvent modifier leur comportement en raison de l’attention qu’ils re\u00e7oivent des chercheurs plut\u00f4t qu’en raison d’une quelconque manipulation des variables ind\u00e9pendantes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L’effet Hawthorne a \u00e9t\u00e9 largement discut\u00e9 dans les manuels de psychologie, notamment ceux consacr\u00e9s \u00e0 la psychologie industrielle et organisationnelle. Cependant, les recherches sugg\u00e8rent que nombre des affirmations initiales concernant cet effet sont \u00e0 relativiser.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019origine de l\u2019effet Hawthorne et l\u2019impact sur la productivit\u00e9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L’effet Hawthorne a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9crit pour la premi\u00e8re fois dans les ann\u00e9es 1950 par le chercheur Henry A. Landsberger<\/a> au cours de son analyse des exp\u00e9riences men\u00e9es dans les ann\u00e9es 1920 et 1930. Le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne tire son nom de l’endroit o\u00f9 les exp\u00e9riences ont eu lieu, la compagnie d’\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 Western Electric’s Hawthorne Works, situ\u00e9e \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 de Hawthorne, dans l’Illinois.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La compagnie d’\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 avait command\u00e9 des recherches pour d\u00e9terminer s’il existait une relation entre la productivit\u00e9 et les environnements de travail. L’objectif initial des \u00e9tudes Hawthorne \u00e9tait d’examiner l’influence de diff\u00e9rents aspects de l’environnement de travail, tels que l’\u00e9clairage, le moment des pauses et la dur\u00e9e de la journ\u00e9e de travail, sur la productivit\u00e9 des travailleurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans la plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre de ces exp\u00e9riences, l’objectif \u00e9tait de d\u00e9terminer si l’augmentation ou la diminution de la quantit\u00e9 de lumi\u00e8re re\u00e7ue par les travailleurs avait un effet sur la productivit\u00e9 des travailleurs pendant leur journ\u00e9e de travail. La productivit\u00e9 des employ\u00e9s a sembl\u00e9 augmenter en raison des changements, mais a ensuite diminu\u00e9 une fois l’exp\u00e9rience termin\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les chercheurs ont d\u00e9couvert que presque tous les changements apport\u00e9s aux conditions exp\u00e9rimentales entra\u00eenaient une augmentation de la productivit\u00e9. Par exemple, la productivit\u00e9 augmentait lorsque l’\u00e9clairage \u00e9tait ramen\u00e9 au niveau de celui d’une bougie, lorsque les pauses \u00e9taient enti\u00e8rement supprim\u00e9es et lorsque la journ\u00e9e de travail \u00e9tait allong\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les chercheurs ont conclu que les travailleurs r\u00e9agissaient \u00e0 l’attention accrue des superviseurs. Cela sugg\u00e8re que la productivit\u00e9 a augment\u00e9 en raison de l’attention et non en raison de changements dans les variables exp\u00e9rimentales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Landsberger a d\u00e9fini l’effet Hawthorne comme une am\u00e9lioration \u00e0 court terme des performances caus\u00e9e par l’observation des travailleurs. Les chercheurs et les managers se sont rapidement empar\u00e9s de ces r\u00e9sultats. Des \u00e9tudes ult\u00e9rieures ont toutefois sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 que ces premi\u00e8res conclusions ne refl\u00e9taient pas ce qui se passait r\u00e9ellement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L’expression \u00ab\u00a0effet Hawthorne\u00a0\u00bb reste largement utilis\u00e9e pour d\u00e9crire les augmentations de productivit\u00e9 dues \u00e0 la participation \u00e0 une \u00e9tude, mais d’autres \u00e9tudes ont souvent apport\u00e9 peu de soutien ou n’ont m\u00eame pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 trouver cet effet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019effet hawthorne: impact sur le management et la gestion d’\u00e9quipe<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L’effet Hawthorne consiste essentiellement \u00e0 manager les \u00e9quipes de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce qu’elles se sentent davantage partie int\u00e9grante de votre entreprise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En encourageant les collaborateurs \u00e0 participer aux d\u00e9cisions relatives au lieu de travail et aux op\u00e9rations, on leur donne l’impression de faire partie d’une \u00e9quipe soud\u00e9e qui s’efforce d’atteindre l’objectif commun de rendre l’entreprise plus rentable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mesures \u00e0 mettre en place pour int\u00e9grer l\u2019effet hawthorne en management<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une partie de la recherche sur l’effet Hawthorne a d\u00e9termin\u00e9 que les employ\u00e9s ont tendance \u00e0 \u00eatre plus productifs lorsqu’ils ont le sentiment que leurs efforts sont observ\u00e9s et que l’on pr\u00eate attention \u00e0 leurs performances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L’une des premi\u00e8res mesures que vous pouvez prendre pour introduire l’effet Hawthorne et augmenter la productivit\u00e9 dans votre propre entreprise est d’essayer de vous mettre dans la peau de vos employ\u00e9s et de voir le fonctionnement de votre entreprise de leur point de vue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 partir de l\u00e0, essayez de d\u00e9terminer ce que vous pourriez faire pour renforcer le sentiment de travail en \u00e9quipe et une plus grande participation au succ\u00e8s global de l’entreprise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lire aussi notre article sur la productivit\u00e9 et le bien \u00eatre en entreprise<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple<\/em>, vous pourriez organiser r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement des r\u00e9unions avec les employ\u00e9s pour obtenir leur avis sur les changements \u00e0 apporter aux proc\u00e9dures et organisations qui pourraient am\u00e9liorer leurs conditions de travail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une autre mesure qui peut aider les employ\u00e9s \u00e0 se sentir plus proches et appr\u00e9ci\u00e9s est de s’assurer que le personnel de direction se trouve \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 et est facilement accessible lorsque les employ\u00e9s ont des questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les changements les plus efficaces sont probablement ceux qui r\u00e9sultent de la contribution des employ\u00e9s. Pour stimuler la productivit\u00e9 de vos employ\u00e9s, il suffit de leur accorder plus d’attention, de prendre en compte leurs besoins et leurs pr\u00e9occupations. Faire en sorte que les employ\u00e9s se sentent plus appr\u00e9ci\u00e9s les encourage \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer leurs performances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qu’est-ce que cela signifie pour les ressources humaines ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le fait de participer \u00e0 une exp\u00e9rience a un impact sur la productivit\u00e9 et la motivation. Les gens travaillent mieux quand on leur pr\u00eate attention. Tout ce qui contribue \u00e0 augmenter l’estime de soi peut contribuer \u00e0 accro\u00eetre les performances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lire aussi notre article sur la communication non violente<\/a> (CNV)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lorsque les travailleurs sont associ\u00e9s aux objectifs d’une \u00e9tude, ils prennent des initiatives et se sentent plus proches du reste du groupe. Il y a une saine \u00e9mulation qui rend tout le monde plus productif. \u00c0 bien des \u00e9gards, le r\u00f4le positif jou\u00e9 par le chercheur est un r\u00f4le que peut jouer le manager.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La le\u00e7on essentielle de l\u2019effet Hawthorne en management est que lorsqu’il s’agit de productivit\u00e9 au travail, le plus important n’est pas l’\u00e9clairage, les outils ou les plantes, mais la qualit\u00e9 des relations humaines<\/a> qui soutiennent le travail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En physique comme en sciences sociales, les chercheurs d’aujourd’hui savent prendre en compte l’effet Hawthorne. Quant aux entreprises et aux RH, il ne s’agit pas tant de \u00ab\u00a0surmonter\u00a0\u00bb l’effet Hawthorne que d’en \u00eatre conscient et d’en tirer tous les avantages.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L’effet Hawthorne est un terme faisant r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 la tendance de certaines personnes \u00e0 travailler plus dur et \u00e0 obtenir de meilleurs r\u00e9sultats lorsqu’elles participent \u00e0 une exp\u00e9rience. Le terme est souvent utilis\u00e9 pour sugg\u00e9rer que les individus peuvent modifier leur comportement en raison de l’attention qu’ils re\u00e7oivent des chercheurs plut\u00f4t qu’en raison d’une quelconque […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5340,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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